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What is catastrophic forgetting, and how do you prevent it when fine-tuning or continually training an LLM?

Fine-tune a model on your domain and it can forget how to do everything else. The signal is explaining why shared weights cause it and naming the concrete mitigations that all reduce to one principle.

Updated Aug 2026 · Grounded in real Applied AI Engineer interview loops and written to a senior-engineer editorial bar.

Fine-tune a model on your domain and it can forget how to do everything else. The signal is explaining why shared weights cause it and naming the concrete mitigations that all reduce to one principle.

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Next in this trackCompare LoRA, prefix tuning, prompt tuning, and adapters. How do PEFT methods differ?Next in this trackExplain BLEU, ROUGE, and BERTScore. When would you use each, and what are their limits?Next in this trackWhat are MMLU, HumanEval, and GSM8K, and how do you interpret LLM benchmark scores?

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