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How do RNNs, LSTMs, and GRUs work, and why did transformers largely replace them?

Sequence models are foundational and still asked, especially the gating that fixed RNNs and why attention won. The signal is connecting the vanishing-gradient story to the parallelism argument that let transformers ride the scaling wave.

Updated Aug 2026 · Grounded in real Applied AI Engineer interview loops and written to a senior-engineer editorial bar.

Sequence models are foundational and still asked, especially the gating that fixed RNNs and why attention won. The signal is connecting the vanishing-gradient story to the parallelism argument that let transformers ride the scaling wave.

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