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Implement a smoothed n-gram language model and compute perplexity on held-out text.

Before transformers, this was the language model, and it is still the cleanest way to show you understand what perplexity actually measures. Smoothing is the part people get wrong. Here is the implementation.

Updated Aug 2026 · Grounded in real Applied AI Engineer interview loops and written to a senior-engineer editorial bar.

Before transformers, this was the language model, and it is still the cleanest way to show you understand what perplexity actually measures. Smoothing is the part people get wrong. Here is the implementation.

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