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Implement Layer Normalization (and RMSNorm) from scratch.

LayerNorm sits in every transformer, and implementing it checks that you know what it normalizes over and why. The signal is normalizing across the feature dimension per token, the learnable scale/shift, and the RMSNorm simplification modern LLMs adopted.

Updated Aug 2026 · Grounded in real Applied AI Engineer interview loops and written to a senior-engineer editorial bar.

LayerNorm sits in every transformer, and implementing it checks that you know what it normalizes over and why. The signal is normalizing across the feature dimension per token, the learnable scale/shift, and the RMSNorm simplification modern LLMs adopted.

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Next in this trackImplement attention with a KV cache for autoregressive generation.Next in this trackImplement binary search and its variants (first/last occurrence, search in rotated array).Next in this trackExplain backtracking and use it to generate all permutations / subsets / combinations.
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