Gaps and Islands (Sessionization)

Gaps-and-islands is the pattern for grouping consecutive rows into runs (islands) separated by breaks (gaps), the engine behind sessionization, streak detection, and consolidating contiguous ranges. The trick is to assign a group id that stays constant within a run, classically with window functions: ROW_NUMBER differences or LAG-based break flags with a running sum. Applied-AI interviews probe it because sessionizing events (user sessions, activity streaks, contiguous time ranges) is a constant data task and a sharp test of window-function fluency.